install node and npm using nvm

在 Mac OSX 上node从0.12.2版本升级到8.10.0之后，执行nodemon时抛出以下错误：

exception in nodemon killing node
Error: Cannot find module 'internal/util/types'
    at Function.Module._resolveFilename (module.js:513:15)
    at Function.Module._load (module.js:463:25)
    at Module.require (module.js:556:17)
    at require (internal/module.js:11:18)
    at evalmachine.<anonymous>:31:26
    at Object.<anonymous> (/usr/local/lib/node_modules/nodemon/node_modules/update-notifier/node_modules/configstore/node_modules/graceful-fs/fs.js:11:1)
    at Module._compile (module.js:612:30)
    at Object.Module._extensions..js (module.js:623:10)
    at Module.load (module.js:531:32)
    at tryModuleLoad (module.js:494:12)

网上查了一些资料，最简单的方式就是完全卸载旧版本，并将系统里的node_modules清理干净，再重新安装就可以。

清理旧版本 node

Mac OSX 上不建议使用Homebrew来安装node，将原来安装的所有相关程序和类库全部清理干净，如果不清理这些旧的类库，使用NVM时会碰到如下一些警告信息，因为NVM不支持Homebrew方式安装的node和npm。

nvm is not compatible with the npm config "prefix" option: currently set to "/Users/test/.nvm/versions/node/v0.12.2"
Run nvm use --delete-prefix v8.10.0 to unset it.

 brew uninstall npm
 brew uninstall node
 [ -s /usr/local/bin/node ] && rm -f /usr/local/bin/node
 [ -s /usr/local/bin/npm ] && rm -f /usr/local/bin/npm
 rm -rf /usr/local/lib/node_modules

安装 NVM

 cd ~
 git clone https://github.com/creationix/nvm.git .nvm
 cd ~/.nvm
 git checkout v0.33.8
 . nvm.sh

安装好之后，在~/.bashrc、~/.bash_profile或者~/.zshrc文件之一中加以下配置：

export NVM_DIR="$HOME/.nvm"
[ -s "$NVM_DIR/nvm.sh" ] && \. "$NVM_DIR/nvm.sh"  # This loads nvm
[ -s "$NVM_DIR/bash_completion" ] && \. "$NVM_DIR/bash_completion"  # This loads nvm bash_completion

 nvm help
Node Version Manager

Note: <version> refers to any version-like string nvm understands. This includes:
  - full or partial version numbers, starting with an optional "v" (0.10, v0.1.2, v1)
  - default (built-in) aliases: node, stable, unstable, iojs, system
  - custom aliases you define with `nvm alias foo`

 Any options that produce colorized output should respect the `--no-colors` option.

Usage:
  nvm --help                                Show this message
  nvm --version                             Print out the installed version of nvm
  nvm install [-s] <version>                Download and install a <version>, [-s] from source. Uses .nvmrc if available
    --reinstall-packages-from=<version>     When installing, reinstall packages installed in <node|iojs|node version number>
    --lts                                   When installing, only select from LTS (long-term support) versions
    --lts=<LTS name>                        When installing, only select from versions for a specific LTS line
    --skip-default-packages                 When installing, skip the default-packages file if it exists
    --latest-npm                            After installing, attempt to upgrade to the latest working npm on the given node version
  nvm uninstall <version>                   Uninstall a version
  nvm uninstall --lts                       Uninstall using automatic LTS (long-term support) alias `lts/*`, if available.
  nvm uninstall --lts=<LTS name>            Uninstall using automatic alias for provided LTS line, if available.
  nvm use [--silent] <version>              Modify PATH to use <version>. Uses .nvmrc if available
    --lts                                   Uses automatic LTS (long-term support) alias `lts/*`, if available.
    --lts=<LTS name>                        Uses automatic alias for provided LTS line, if available.
  nvm exec [--silent] <version> [<command>] Run <command> on <version>. Uses .nvmrc if available
    --lts                                   Uses automatic LTS (long-term support) alias `lts/*`, if available.
    --lts=<LTS name>                        Uses automatic alias for provided LTS line, if available.
  nvm run [--silent] <version> [<args>]     Run `node` on <version> with <args> as arguments. Uses .nvmrc if available
    --lts                                   Uses automatic LTS (long-term support) alias `lts/*`, if available.
    --lts=<LTS name>                        Uses automatic alias for provided LTS line, if available.
  nvm current                               Display currently activated version
  nvm ls                                    List installed versions
  nvm ls <version>                          List versions matching a given <version>
  nvm ls-remote                             List remote versions available for install
    --lts                                   When listing, only show LTS (long-term support) versions
  nvm ls-remote <version>                   List remote versions available for install, matching a given <version>
    --lts                                   When listing, only show LTS (long-term support) versions
    --lts=<LTS name>                        When listing, only show versions for a specific LTS line
  nvm version <version>                     Resolve the given description to a single local version
  nvm version-remote <version>              Resolve the given description to a single remote version
    --lts                                   When listing, only select from LTS (long-term support) versions
    --lts=<LTS name>                        When listing, only select from versions for a specific LTS line
  nvm deactivate                            Undo effects of `nvm` on current shell
  nvm alias [<pattern>]                     Show all aliases beginning with <pattern>
  nvm alias <name> <version>                Set an alias named <name> pointing to <version>
  nvm unalias <name>                        Deletes the alias named <name>
  nvm install-latest-npm                    Attempt to upgrade to the latest working `npm` on the current node version
  nvm reinstall-packages <version>          Reinstall global `npm` packages contained in <version> to current version
  nvm unload                                Unload `nvm` from shell
  nvm which [<version>]                     Display path to installed node version. Uses .nvmrc if available
  nvm cache dir                             Display path to the cache directory for nvm
  nvm cache clear                           Empty cache directory for nvm

Example:
  nvm install 8.0.0                     Install a specific version number
  nvm use 8.0                           Use the latest available 8.0.x release
  nvm run 6.10.3 app.js                 Run app.js using node 6.10.3
  nvm exec 4.8.3 node app.js            Run `node app.js` with the PATH pointing to node 4.8.3
  nvm alias default 8.1.0               Set default node version on a shell
  nvm alias default node                Always default to the latest available node version on a shell

Note:
  to remove, delete, or uninstall nvm - just remove the `$NVM_DIR` folder (usually `~/.nvm`)

查看长期维护的版本：

 nvm ls-remote --lts
         v4.8.6   (LTS: Argon)
         v4.8.7   (LTS: Argon)
         v4.9.0   (LTS: Argon)
         v4.9.1   (Latest LTS: Argon)
        v6.13.0   (LTS: Boron)
        v6.13.1   (LTS: Boron)
        v6.14.0   (LTS: Boron)
        v6.14.1   (Latest LTS: Boron)
         v8.9.4   (LTS: Carbon)
        v8.10.0   (LTS: Carbon)
        v8.11.0   (LTS: Carbon)
        v8.11.1   (Latest LTS: Carbon)

安装 node

安装最新版本并设置为默认版本：

 nvm install v9.10.1
Downloading and installing node v9.10.1...
######################################################################## 100.0%
Computing checksum with shasum -a 256
Checksums matched!
Now using node v9.10.1 (npm v5.6.0)

 nvm alias default v9.10.1
default -> v9.10.1

node和npm安装位置和版本号：

 which node
~/.nvm/versions/node/v9.10.1/bin/node

 which npm
~/.nvm/versions/node/v9.10.1/bin/npm

 node -v
v9.10.1

 npm -v
5.6.0

使用 npm 国内镜像

添加~/.npmrc文件：

 echo "registry=https://registry.npm.taobao.org/" > ~/.npmrc

安装 node 软件

因为使用NVM管理，所有的 node 软件安装在个人目录下，所以不用sudo安装应用程序。

 npm install -g hexo-cli
hexo-cli@1.1.0
added 219 packages from 415 contributors in 11.346s

 npm install -g pm2 nodemon
+ nodemon@1.17.3
+ pm2@2.10.2
added 916 packages in 28.045s

References

1. Error: Cannot find module 'internal/util/types'
2. github.com nvm
3. 正确的安装和使用nvm